mirror of https://github.com/electron/electron
243 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
243 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
# Glossary
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This page defines some terminology that is commonly used in Electron development.
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### ASAR
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ASAR stands for Atom Shell Archive Format. An [asar][] archive is a simple
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`tar`-like format that concatenates files into a single file. Electron can read
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arbitrary files from it without unpacking the whole file.
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The ASAR format was created primarily to improve performance on Windows when
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reading large quantities of small files (e.g. when loading your app's JavaScript
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dependency tree from `node_modules`).
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### code signing
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Code signing is a process where an app developer digitally signs their code to
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ensure that it hasn't been tampered with after packaging. Both Windows and
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macOS implement their own version of code signing. As a desktop app developer,
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it's important that you sign your code if you plan on distributing it to the
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general public.
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For more information, read the [Code Signing][] tutorial.
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### context isolation
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Context isolation is a security measure in Electron that ensures that your
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preload script cannot leak privileged Electron or Node.js APIs to the web
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contents in your renderer process. With context isolation enabled, the
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only way to expose APIs from your preload script is through the
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`contextBridge` API.
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For more information, read the [Context Isolation][] tutorial.
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See also: [preload script](#preload-script), [renderer process](#renderer-process)
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### CRT
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The C Runtime Library (CRT) is the part of the C++ Standard Library that
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incorporates the ISO C99 standard library. The Visual C++ libraries that
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implement the CRT support native code development, and both mixed native and
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managed code, and pure managed code for .NET development.
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### DMG
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An Apple Disk Image is a packaging format used by macOS. DMG files are
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commonly used for distributing application "installers".
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### IME
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Input Method Editor. A program that allows users to enter characters and
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symbols not found on their keyboard. For example, this allows users of Latin
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keyboards to input Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Indic characters.
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### IDL
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Interface description language. Write function signatures and data types in a
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format that can be used to generate interfaces in Java, C++, JavaScript, etc.
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### IPC
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IPC stands for inter-process communication. Electron uses IPC to send
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serialized JSON messages between the main and renderer processes.
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see also: [main process](#main-process), [renderer process](#renderer-process)
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### main process
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The main process, commonly a file named `main.js`, is the entry point to every
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Electron app. It controls the life of the app, from open to close. It also
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manages native elements such as the Menu, Menu Bar, Dock, Tray, etc. The
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main process is responsible for creating each new renderer process in the app.
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The full Node API is built in.
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Every app's main process file is specified in the `main` property in
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`package.json`. This is how `electron .` knows what file to execute at startup.
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In Chromium, this process is referred to as the "browser process". It is
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renamed in Electron to avoid confusion with renderer processes.
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See also: [process](#process), [renderer process](#renderer-process)
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### MAS
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Acronym for Apple's Mac App Store. For details on submitting your app to the
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MAS, see the [Mac App Store Submission Guide][].
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### Mojo
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An IPC system for communicating intra- or inter-process, and that's important
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because Chrome is keen on being able to split its work into separate processes
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or not, depending on memory pressures etc.
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See https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/mojo/README.md
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See also: [IPC](#ipc)
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### MSI
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On Windows, MSI packages are used by the Windows Installer
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(also known as Microsoft Installer) service to install and configure
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applications.
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More information can be found in [Microsoft's documentation][msi].
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### native modules
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Native modules (also called [addons][] in
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Node.js) are modules written in C or C++ that can be loaded into Node.js or
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Electron using the require() function, and used as if they were an
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ordinary Node.js module. They are used primarily to provide an interface
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between JavaScript running in Node.js and C/C++ libraries.
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Native Node modules are supported by Electron, but since Electron is very
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likely to use a different V8 version from the Node binary installed in your
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system, you have to manually specify the location of Electron’s headers when
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building native modules.
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For more information, read the [Native Node Modules][] tutorial.
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### notarization
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Notarization is a macOS-specific process where a developer can send a
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code-signed app to Apple servers to get verified for malicious
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components through an automated service.
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See also: [code signing](#code-signing)
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### OSR
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OSR (offscreen rendering) can be used for loading heavy page in
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background and then displaying it after (it will be much faster).
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It allows you to render page without showing it on screen.
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For more information, read the [Offscreen Rendering][] tutorial.
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### preload script
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Preload scripts contain code that executes in a renderer process
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before its web contents begin loading. These scripts run within
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the renderer context, but are granted more privileges by having
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access to Node.js APIs.
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See also: [renderer process](#renderer-process), [context isolation](#context-isolation)
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### process
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A process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. Electron
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apps that make use of the [main][] and one or many [renderer][] process are
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actually running several programs simultaneously.
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In Node.js and Electron, each running process has a `process` object. This
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object is a global that provides information about, and control over, the
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current process. As a global, it is always available to applications without
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using require().
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See also: [main process](#main-process), [renderer process](#renderer-process)
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### renderer process
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The renderer process is a browser window in your app. Unlike the main process,
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there can be multiple of these and each is run in a separate process.
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They can also be hidden.
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See also: [process](#process), [main process](#main-process)
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### sandbox
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The sandbox is a security feature inherited from Chromium that restricts
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your renderer processes to a limited set of permissions.
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For more information, read the [Process Sandboxing][] tutorial.
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See also: [process](#process)
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### Squirrel
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Squirrel is an open-source framework that enables Electron apps to update
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automatically as new versions are released. See the [autoUpdater][] API for
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info about getting started with Squirrel.
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### userland
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This term originated in the Unix community, where "userland" or "userspace"
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referred to programs that run outside of the operating system kernel. More
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recently, the term has been popularized in the Node and npm community to
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distinguish between the features available in "Node core" versus packages
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published to the npm registry by the much larger "user" community.
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Like Node, Electron is focused on having a small set of APIs that provide
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all the necessary primitives for developing multi-platform desktop applications.
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This design philosophy allows Electron to remain a flexible tool without being
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overly prescriptive about how it should be used. Userland enables users to
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create and share tools that provide additional functionality on top of what is
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available in "core".
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### utility process
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The utility process is a child of the main process that allows running any
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untrusted services that cannot be run in the main process. Chromium uses this
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process to perform network I/O, audio/video processing, device inputs etc.
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In Electron, you can create this process using [UtilityProcess][] API.
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See also: [process](#process), [main process](#main-process)
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### V8
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V8 is Google's open source JavaScript engine. It is written in C++ and is
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used in Google Chrome. V8 can run standalone, or can be embedded into any C++ application.
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Electron builds V8 as part of Chromium and then points Node to that V8 when
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building it.
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V8's version numbers always correspond to those of Google Chrome. Chrome 59
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includes V8 5.9, Chrome 58 includes V8 5.8, etc.
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- [v8.dev](https://v8.dev/)
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- [nodejs.org/api/v8.html](https://nodejs.org/api/v8.html)
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- [docs/development/v8-development.md](development/v8-development.md)
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### webview
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`webview` tags are used to embed 'guest' content (such as external web pages) in
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your Electron app. They are similar to `iframe`s, but differ in that each
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webview runs in a separate process. It doesn't have the same
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permissions as your web page and all interactions between your app and
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embedded content will be asynchronous. This keeps your app safe from the
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embedded content.
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[addons]: https://nodejs.org/api/addons.html
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[asar]: https://github.com/electron/asar
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[autoupdater]: api/auto-updater.md
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[code signing]: tutorial/code-signing.md
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[context isolation]: tutorial/context-isolation.md
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[mac app store submission guide]: tutorial/mac-app-store-submission-guide.md
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[main]: #main-process
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[msi]: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/msi/windows-installer-portal
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[Native Node Modules]: tutorial/using-native-node-modules.md
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[offscreen rendering]: tutorial/offscreen-rendering.md
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[process sandboxing]: tutorial/sandbox.md
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[renderer]: #renderer-process
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[UtilityProcess]: api/utility-process.md
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